YAŞLANMA SÜRECİNDE MİTOKONDRİNİN ROLÜ

Authors

  • Enver Çıracı Biruni Üniversitesi
  • Saadet Busra Aksoyer Sezgin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46291/ICONTECHvol4iss3pp1-10

Keywords:

Mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial; aging; free radicals; oxidative stres

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Mitochondria are defined as the power centers of the cell that produce ATP, which is used in cellular functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important part of the aging process. As the cells age, the efficiency of the respiratory chain decreases, electron leakage increases and ATP formation decreases. Different cell types have different numbers of mitochondria, and since they have their own DNA, they can divide independently of the cell they are in. In other words, mitochondrial replication is not dependent on cell division. During reproduction, half of a child's DNA comes from their father and half from their mother. However, the child always receives their Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from their mother. The majority of mitochondrial diseases are caused by mutations in nuclear DNA that affect products that cause mitochondria. These mutations can be hereditary or spontaneous. When the mitochondria stop working, the cell they are in is deprived of energy. Therefore, symptoms can vary greatly depending on the type of cell. Cells that need the greatest amount of energy, such as heart muscle cells and nerves, are most affected by faulty mitochondria. 62 years ago, Harman suggested that aging is mediated by macromolecular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS is produced in mitochondria as a byproduct of energy production, and these structures damage DNA, fats, and proteins. It is now focused on the target mitochondria in aging. Studies reveal that oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and a decrease in mitochondrial turnover mediate cellular aging. In this review, it is aimed to review the role of mitochondria in the human aging process on the basis of recent findings.

Key Words: Mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial; aging; free radicals; oxidative stres

 

Author Biography

Enver Çıracı, Biruni Üniversitesi

Faculty of Pharmacy Biochemistry Department

References

KAYNAKLAR

Alexeyev M.F. Is there more to aging than mitochondrial DNA and reactive oxygen species? FEBS J. 2009;276:5768-5787

Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T Review Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell. 2005 Feb 25; 120(4):483-95.

Benzi G, Pastoris O, Marzatico F, Villa RF, Dagani F, Curti D. The mitochondrial electron transfer alteration as a factor involved in the brain aging. Neurobiol Aging. 1992;13(3):361-8

Bokov A, Chaudhuri A., Richardson A. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging Mech. Ageing Dev. 2004;125:811-826

Brierley EJ, Johnson MA, James OF, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial involvement in the ageing process. Facts and controversies. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997;174(1-2):325-8.

Bua E, Johnson J., Herbst A., Delong B., McKenzie D., Salamat S, Aiken J.M. Mitochondrial DNA-deletion mutations accumulate intracellularly to detrimental levels in aged human skeletal muscle fibers Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006;79:469-480

Chinnery P.F. Mitochondrial disease in adults: what’s old and what’s new? EMBO Mol. Med., 7 (2015), pp. 1503-1512 , 18.

Cortopassi G.A., Arnheim N. Detection of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion in tissues of older humans Nucleic Acids Res. 1990;18:6927-6933

Desquilbet L, Jacobson L.P., Fried L.P., Phair J.P., Jamieson B.D., Holloway M., Margolick J.B. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study HIV-1 infection is associated with an earlier occurrence of a phenotype related to frailty J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2007;62:1279-1286

Evans WJ. Protein nutrition, exercise and aging. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6 Suppl):601S-609S.

Fernández-Vizarra E, Enriquez JA, Pérez-Martos A, Montoya J, Fernández-Silva P. Mitochondrial gene expression is regulated at multiple levels and differentially in the heart and liver by thyroid hormones. Curr Genet. 2008;54(1):13-22.

Fraga CG, Shigenaga MK, Park JW, Degan P, Ames BN. Oxidative damage to DNA during aging: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in rat organ DNA and urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jun; 87(12):4533-7.

Goodpaster B.H., Park S.W., Harris T.B., Kritchevsky S.B., Nevitt M., Schwartz A.V., Simonsick E.M., Tylavsky F.A., Visser M., Newman A.B. . The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 61 2006;61:1059-1064.

Greaves L.C., Nooteboom M., Elson J.L., Tuppen H.A.L., Taylor G.A., Commane D.M., Arasaradnam R.P., Khrapko K., Taylor R.W., Kirkwood T.B.L. Clonal expansion of early to mid-life mitochondrial DNA point mutations drives mitochondrial dysfunction during human ageing PLoS Genet. 2014;10: e1004620

Grey AD de. A proposed refinement of the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging. Bioassays 1997;19(2):161-6.

Grünewald A, Voges L, Rakovic A, Kasten M, Vandebona H, Hemmelmann C, Lohmann K, Orolicki S, Ramirez A, Schapira AH, Pramstaller PP, Sue CM, Klein C.Mutant Parkin impairs mitochondrial function and morphology in human fibroblasts. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 27; 5(9):e12962.

Guaraldi G., Zona S, Alexopoulos N., Orlando G., Carli F., Ligabue G., Fiocchi F., Lattanzi A., Rossi R, Modena M.G., et al. Coronary aging in HIV-infected patients Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009;49: 1756-1762

Hamilton WD. The moulding of senescence by natural selection J Theor Biol. 1966 Sep; 12(1):12-45.

Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956 Jul; 11(3):298-300.

Harman D. The biologic clock: the mitochondria? J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1972;20:145-147

Herbener GH. A morphometric study of age-dependent changes in mitochondrial population of mouse liver and heart. J Gerontol. 1976;31(1):8-12

Kazachkova N, Ramos A., Santos C, Lima M. Mitochondrial DNA damage patterns and aging: revising the evidences for humans and mice Aging Dis.2013;4:337-350

Knuever J, Poeggeler B, Gáspár E, Klinger M, Hellwig-Burgel T, Hardenbicker C, Tóth BI, Bíró T, Paus R. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone controls mitochondrial biology in human epidermis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):978-86.

Kujoth G.C., Hiona A., Pugh T.D., Someya S., Panzer K., Wohlgemuth S.E., Hofer T., Seo A.Y., Sullivan R., Jobling W.A., et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging Science. 2005;309:481-484.

Larsson N.G. Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in mammalian aging Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2010;79:683-706

Keogh M.J., Chinnery P.F. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in neurodegeneration Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2015;1847:1401-1411

Manczak M, Jung Y, Park BS, Partovi D, Reddy PH. Time-course of mitochondrial gene expressions in mice brains: implications for mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and cytochrome c in aging J Neurochem. 2005;92(3):494-504.

Marnett LJ, Hurd HK, Hollstein MC, Levin DE, Esterbauer H, Ames. Naturally occurring carbonyl compounds are mutagens in Salmonella tester strain TA104. BN Mutat Res. 1985 Jan-Feb; 148(1-2):25-34.

Navarro A, Boveris A. The mitochondrial energy transduction system and the aging process. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007;292(2):C670-86.

Nisoli E, Tonello C, Cardile A, Cozzi V, Bracale R, Tedesco L, Falcone S, Valerio A, Cantoni O, Clementi E, Moncada S, Carruba MO. Calorie restriction promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing the expression of eNOS. Science. 2005;310(5746):314-7.

Ojaimi J, Masters CL, Opeskin K, McKelvie P, Byrne E. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the human brain as a function of age. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999;2; 111(1):39-47.

Payne B.A.I., Wilson I.J., Hateley C.A., Horvath R., Santibanez-Koref, M. Samuels D.C., Price D.A., Chinnery P.F. Mitochondrial aging is accelerated by anti-retroviral therapy through the clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations Nat. Genet. 2011;41: 806-810

Picard M, Ritchie D, Wright KJ, Romestaing C, Thomas MM, Rowan SL, Taivassalo T, Hepple RT. Mitochondrial functional impairment with aging is exaggerated in isolated mitochondria compared to permeabilized myofibers. Aging Cell. 2010;9(6):1032-46.

Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;18(10):1208-46.

Ray, A.J.; Turner, R.; Nikaido, O.; Rees, J.L.; Birch-Machin, M.A. The Spectrum of Mitochondrial DNA Deletions is a Ubiquitous Marker of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Human Skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2000;115:674–679

Ross J.M., Coppotelli G., Hoffer B.J., Olson L. Maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA mutations can reduce lifespan Sci. Rep. 2014;4:6569.

Ross J.M., Stewart J.B., Hagström E., Brené S., Mourier A., Coppotelli G., Freyer C., Lagouge M., Hoffer B.J., Olson L., Larsson N.G.. Germline mitochondrial DNA mutations aggravate ageing and can impair brain development. Nature. 2013:412-415.

Sander M, Oxlund B, Jespersen A, et al. The challenges of human population ageing. Age Ageing 2015; 44: 185–187

Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M., B.N. Ames Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994;91:10771-10778

Short KR, Bigelow ML, Kahl J, Singh R, Coenen-Schimke J, Raghavakaimal S, Nair KS. Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2005;12; 102(15):5618-23.

Smith C, Marks AD, Lieberman M (2004). Marks’ Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach. (Second Edition). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Sohl, M.R., Szymanski, A.C. Mislak, C.K, Shumate, S. Amiralaei, R.F. Schinazi, K.S. Anderson, Y.W. Yin Probing the structural and molecular basis of nucleotide selectivity by human mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112 (2015), pp. 8596-8601

Stocco DM, Cascarano J, Wilson MA. Quantitation of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and protein in starved and starved-refed rat liver. J Cell Physiol. 1977;90(2):295-306.

Stocco DM, Hutson JC. Quantitation of mitochondrial DNA and protein in the liver of Fischer 344 rats during aging. J Gerontol. 1978;33(6):802-9.

Tauchi H, Sato T. Age changes in size and number of mitochondria of human hepatic cells.

Trifunovic A, Wredenberg A, Falkenberg M, Spelbrink J.N., Rovio A.T., Bruder C.E., Bohlooly-Y M., Gidlöf S., Oldfors A., Wibom R, et al. Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase Nature. 2004;429:417-423.

Yan LJ, Sohal RS. Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase is modified oxidatively during aging.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;27; 95(22):12896-901.

Yen TC, Chen YS, King KL, Yeh SH, Wei YH. Liver mitochondrial respiratory functions decline with age. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;29;165(3):944-1003.

Published

2020-12-17

How to Cite

Çıracı, E., & Aksoyer Sezgin, S. B. . (2020). YAŞLANMA SÜRECİNDE MİTOKONDRİNİN ROLÜ. ICONTECH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 4(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.46291/ICONTECHvol4iss3pp1-10

Issue

Section

Articles