Genome Editing in Animal Husbandry: CRISPR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16881021Ключевые слова:
Genetic Modification, Animal Husbandry, CRISPR/Cas9Аннотация
Genome editing in farm animals holds significant promise for a wide range of practical applications. It facilitates the improvement of production traits, enhances the economic value of livestock, and contributes to increased resistance to infectious diseases. In addition to agricultural benefits, genetically modified animals serve as important models in biomedical research and pharmaceutical production, and they have shown potential as xenograft donors for human transplantation. Recent advancements have led to the development of various tools aimed at increasing the efficiency and precision of genetic modifications, thereby streamlining the generation of genetically modified founders. These tools include sperm-mediated gene transfer, viral vectors, RNA interference, homologous recombination, transposon systems, and site-specific endonucleases. Among these, four major classes of site-specific endonucleases have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to induce targeted DNA double-strand breaks, which facilitate precise genome modifications via endogenous DNA repair pathways. Currently, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems—particularly CRISPR/Cas9—dominate the genome editing field. These systems have been successfully employed in generating genetically modified sheep and goats, which serve as valuable models for studying gene function, improving selective breeding, producing therapeutic proteins in milk, enhancing disease resistance, mimicking human disease phenotypes, and potentially serving as hosts for human organ development. Moreover, several promising derivatives of the CRISPR/Cas systems have emerged, including tools that enable homology-directed repair (HDR) and base editing, the latter allowing precise single-nucleotide changes without the requirement for a donor DNA template. These innovations further expand the utility and precision of genome editing technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of genome editing in livestock, with a particular emphasis on the application and potential of CRISPR/Cas9 systems in both agricultural and biomedical contexts.
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